Texas History

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Texas was originally inhabited by various Native American tribes, including the Caddos, Lipan and Tonkawa. The region was first discovered and explored by Europeans in the early 16th century. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, several settlements were erected, mostly by Spain in the form of Catholic missions.

Although considered a Mexican territory, the area of Texas soon proved too large for an absent, foreign power to control. During the early 19th century, settlers’ dissatisfaction with Mexico’s policies and governance began to escalate and culminated in several battles. Revolution was declared in 1835 and, after numerous battles, including the Alamo (in 1836), Texas was annexed by the United States, as the 28th state, on December 29, 1845. The annexation, however, initiated the Mexican-American war, which resulted in Texas’ southern boundary being fixed at the Rio Grande. Further internal battles ensued, leading Texas to briefly secede from the Union between 1861 and 1870.

After rejoining the Union, Texas began a major construction campaign. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas was opened in 1876, as was the University of Texas in 1883. The state capitol at Austin was completed in 1888. Following decades of war, Texas had quickly become a relatively modern and important state by the 20th century.

The 20th century was a turning point in the evolution of Texas. Oil was discovered in 1901, and led to a rapid expansion of the economy and populace that has continued into this century. Initially dependent on mining, lumber and cattle, Texas’ economy has since modernized to become service-oriented and diversified to encompass several high-technology and electronic industries. Other dominant industries include construction, trade, communications, utilities and chemicals.

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